folsom addend

meansmaud04

Source: http://www.thehollywoodgossip.com/2013/04/kim-kardashian-weight-gain-scheme-revealed/

Jessica Ennis Aliya Mustafina Kirk Urso London 2012 Javelin roger federer Olga Korbut Usain Bolt 2012 Olympics

meansmaud04

Samsung's marketing machine kicks up a gear with new TV ad

A world away from the goofy Super Bowl ads and iPhone mockery of old, Samsung's just sent over its first teaser ad for the Galaxy S4... and it's actually pretty good. The ad puts the product itself front and center, with dramatic close-ups of its design followed by quick demos of some of the headline features. Check it out above, and share your thoughts down in the comments.

The Samsung Galaxy S4 lands in the UK on Apr. 26. The U.S. launch is expected around the same time.

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/androidcentral/~3/XiaN9qYsByM/story01.htm

stan van gundy navy jet crash virginia beach crash stephen hawking marion barry virginia beach jet crash ridiculously photogenic guy

meansmaud04

Sorry, Readability was unable to parse this page for content.

Source: http://www.crosswalk.com/culture/music/the-afters-every-good-thing-lyric-video.html

john l smith apple earnings the glass castle jennifer hudson trial north korea threat brandon jacobs brandon jacobs

meansmaud04

Quick: what's the difference between a broadcast TV network (Fox, CBS, ABC and NBC) and a cable channel (TBS, TNT, ESPN, etc.)? Oh, only millions and millions of viewers. Nevertheless, Fox's COO Chase Carey is perturbed enough by the mere thought of Aereo getting its way, that he's already claiming that the network will go dark in favor of becoming a cable channel -- if and when OTA network streaming over the internet is completely legalized, that is. Causticism aside, Carey's remarks are certainly indicative of how the networks feel about the potential disruption of their revenue stream, and moreover, showcases just how far we are from living in a world that isn't dominated by the same old processes when it comes to entertainment.

Carey stated: "We need to be able to be fairly compensated for our content. This is not an ideal path we look to pursue, but we can't sit idly by and let an entity steal our signal. We will move to a subscription model if that's our only recourse."

Is it possible that Fox would suddenly vanish from over-the-air antennas everywhere, screwing up countless programming agreements with a near-endless amount of partners? Sure... but it's also possible that the ninth circle of Hades will be converted into an NHL arena. We're calling your bluff, Carey.

Filed under: Home Entertainment, Internet, HD

Comments

Source: Bloomberg

Source: http://feeds.engadget.com/~r/weblogsinc/engadget/~3/iA7hWRRUs-4/

rpi dst friends with kids pacific standard time northern mariana islands summer time coolio

meansmaud04

'Chemistry of the Bar' symposium focuses on New Orleans' Hurricane Cocktail and more

Public release date: 9-Apr-2013
[ | E-mail |

Share ]

Contact: Michael Bernstein
m_bernstein@acs.org
504-670-4707 (New Orleans Press Center, April 5-10)
202-872-6042

Michael Woods
m_woods@acs.org
504-670-4707 (New Orleans Press Center, April 5-10)
202-872-6293

American Chemical Society

NEW ORLEANS, April 9, 2013 Call their taste and effects appealing or appalling, no matter. In a city that claims credit for invention of the cocktail, the Hurricane, Sazerac, Pimm's Cup, Bayou Bash, Hand Grenade, Ramos Gin Fizz and other concoctions are the spirits of the French Quarter and its most famous thoroughfare, which happens to be named Bourbon Street.
The scientific secrets of alcoholic beverages in the Crescent City and other venues will get a thorough shaking and stirring in a symposium titled "The Chemistry of the Bar" today during the 245th National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society, the world's largest scientific society.
Abstracts on the following topics appear below:
Chemistry of the Hurricane cocktail.
The chemistry of that sweet almond-flavored liquor called Amaretto.
Single-hop India pale ales.
The unseen plumbing in taverns that brings beer to the glass.
How aging affects the taste and aroma of bourbon.
The chemistry and anatomy of the hangover.
One of the speakers, Neil C. Da Costa, Ph.D., focused on what may be New Orleans' most famous mixed drink, the pink stuff that tourists sip from disposable plastic cups while strolling down Bourbon Street. (New Orleans laws permit drinking in public and leaving a bar with a drink, but prohibit public drinking from glass or metal containers.)
"The Hurricane is an ideal topic for this symposium," Da Costa explained. He is with International Flavors & Fragrances, Inc., in Union Beach, N.J. "It is one of New Orleans' signature cocktails, and its origins echo the city's vibrant history. The drink originated in the World War II era, in the 1940s. Scotch, bourbon and other whiskeys were hard to get. But there was a big surplus of rum. Local distributors forced bars to buy up to 50 cases of rum in order to get one case of whiskey. One bar owner, Pat O'Brien, came up with the recipe for a fruity rum drink and served it in a glass shaped like a hurricane lamp. The name stuck."
Da Costa's presentation goes beyond the history to focus on the Hurricane's key ingredients, their chemical compositions and interactions and sensory evaluations of the resulting beverage.
The Hurricane is mainly a light and dark rum cocktail, Da Costa said, noting that some recipes also call for generous portions of gin or vodka. Besides the spirits, a typical Hurricane contains lime juice, orange juice, passion fruit syrup, grenadine (which provides the red color and added sweetness) and a simple sugar syrup.
"For the Hurricane's fruity aroma, terpene compounds such as limonene and citral play a crucial role, giving a fresh citrus note. In addition, 'sweet' compound notes from the rum and sugar break down, such as various esters, vanillin, 5-methylfurfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. These combine to essentially give the sweet fruity aroma of the cocktail. Of course the strong aroma of aqueous ethanol is always appealing."
Freshness of the ingredients is the key to making the best Hurricane, Da Costa said, just as freshness affects the taste of the Bloody Mary and other cocktails with fruit or vegetable components. And Hurricanes made from powdered or bottled mixes pale in comparison to those made from scratch. Does premium or boutique rum improve the taste?
"Using pricey rum is probably a waste of money for most consumers," Da Costa said. "The Hurricane is an intensely sweet drink, with complex flavors, and that tends to mask the taste of the liquor. If you're going to drink one, go for the cheap bar or well rum."
###

The American Chemical Society is a nonprofit organization chartered by the U.S. Congress. With more than 163,000 members, ACS is the world's largest scientific society and a global leader in providing access to chemistry-related research through its multiple databases, peer-reviewed journals and scientific conferences. Its main offices are in Washington, D.C., and Columbus, Ohio.
To automatically receive news releases from the American Chemical Society, contact newsroom@acs.org.
Note to journalists: Please report that this research was presented at a meeting of the American Chemical Society.
Follow us: Twitter | Facebook
Here are abstracts of other presentations in the symposium:
Abstracts
Chemistry of Amaretto
Jerry A Zweigenbaum, Agilent Technologies
Phone: 302-636-3661
E-mail: j_zweigenbaum@agilent.com
Amaretto is a sweet almond flavored liquor made using varying ingredients that can include herbs, botanicals, apricot kerenal and almond essence. Amaretto can be enjoyed on its own or as a digestif. Its name comes from the Italian amaro meaning "bitter" or slightly bitter and is associated with the flavor of bitter almond. Its origin is found in the Italian town of Sarrono and legend has it was a gift of brandy soaked in apricot pits. Apricot pits, like almond kernels, are rich in the diglycoside amygdalin, which is found in the seeds of the trees Prunus dulcis. Amygdalin is composed of two glucose moieties a cyanide group and a benzene ring. Upon de-glycosylation, amygdalin forms benzaldehyde; the key component of bitter almond taste and aroma. Herein, the chemical composition of 6 different brands of amaretto liqueur were evaluated for amygladin down to trace levels using a UHPLC (ESI)-MS/MS. In addition, UHPLC-Q TOF MS/MS was used to profile the non-volatile compounds found in ethanolic almond kernel extracts and this profile was compared to that found in the different amarettos. Finally, headspace GC/MS was used to characterize the volatile components of the 6 liqueurs and ethanolic extracts of almond kernels. From these analyses the chemistry of amaretto will be described.
Decoding the taste of wine by combining analytical chemistry and sensory evaluation
Andreas Dunkel, Technical University of Munich
Phone: 00498161712903
E-mail: andreas.dunkel@tum.de
The sensory impressions perceived during wine consumption result from the simultaneous stimulation of our senses. Although a wine is initially assessed by its visual appearance and bouquet, the bitter taste and the astringent oral sensation are important contributors to the sensory quality of wines. Aimed at identifying the key molecules driving the attractive taste of a red wine, a screening technique called taste dilution analysis was applied to a red wine and a total number of 37 compounds was isolated and characterized. Quantitative studies in combination with taste reconstitution and omission experiments demonstrated that besides the low-molecular weight compounds a structurally undefined high molecular weight fraction was important for the overall astringency. Gel permeation chromatography, alkaline treatment, acidic hydrolysis, and thiolytic depolymerization, respectively, followed by compositional analysis demonstrated these taste-active polymers to be made up by diversely substituted flavan-3-ol derivatives, carbohydrates, phenylpropenoic acids, hydroxylated benzoic acids, and anthocyanins.
Quality assessment of Polish raw spirits using GC GC-TOFMS and electronic nose
Tomasz Dymerski, Gdansk University of Technology
Phone: +48 58 348 64 11
E-mail: tomasz.dymerski@gmail.com
Quality is a very important attribute of every alcoholic beverage. To provide high quality of these products, the quality of intermediate materials has to be ensured as well. The purpose of this work was the identification of volatiles present in the headspace of Polish raw spirits. Volatile compounds were isolated by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME). Analyses were performed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCGC-TOF-MS). Over 200 compounds were identified. Some of them were selected as quality markers of Polish raw spirits. The second aim of this work was the characterization of the volatile fraction of Polish raw spirits using a prototype electronic nose equipped with six non-selective semiconductor sensors. For data acquisition and processing, an in-house written program based on principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized. This study has proven that the prototype electronic nose can distinguish.
Beer-omics: Differential analysis of single-hop India pale ales by q-TOF MS and NMR
Christine A Hughey, James Madison University
Phone: 540-568-6633
E-mail: hugheyca@jmu.edu
Metabolomics of food is an emerging field that combines the disciplines of food science and nutrition with advances in bioinformatics and untargeted profiling technologies. Here we use quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (q-TOF MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to profile single-hop India pale ales (IPAs) produced by the Mikkeller brewery in 2010 and 2011. The brewer kept all the parameters the same and varied only the hop used. Differential analysis (e.g., PCA and hierarchical clustering) by q-TOF MS revealed significant compositional differences between the 2010 and 2011 batches. These compositional differences were used to build a class prediction model that successfully identified the hop in unknown single-hop IPAs 100% of the time. We also conducted ¹³C-natural abundance HMQC experiments on a 600 MHz NMR in order to investigate how NMR may provide complementary metabolite profiling information to q-TOF MS.
Volatile compounds of aromatic cocktail bitters: A HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis
Arielle J Johnson, University of California, Davis
Phone: 5307549066
E-mail: ajohnson@ucdavis.edu
Aromatic cocktail bitters, concentrated alcoholic tinctures of herbs, spices, barks, roots, and other other highly-flavored plant material, are an essential component of many mixed drinks. Despite their historical and culinary importance and recent cultural and commercial resurgence, there is little to no data available on their volatile components, which would allow for a broader understanding of the flavor chemistry of mixed drinks, and could assist in the development of further styles of bitters. In this experiment, ten cocktail bitters including historical and modern styles were analyzed semiquantitatively in triplicate by Headspace-Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Each bitter contained, on average, 34 compounds and each compound was found in a mean of 2.5 bitters. Overall, 134 different volatile compounds were identified, including 11 aliphatic aldehydes, 17 esters, 28 sesquiterpenoids, 42 monoterpenoids and 25 aromatic compounds including 14 phenylpropenes.
Early aging: The characteristics given to bourbon in the early stages of White Oak aging
Scott Varney, Transylvania University
Phone: 606-854-4772
E-mail: msvarney13@transy.edu
In the creation of commercial bourbons and whiskeys, the aging process in a usually charred White Oak barrel has the ability to add many flavors and characteristics to the alcohol solution before being bottled and sold to consumers. In this process many of these alcohol solutions are given additional characteristics such as smoky flavors, a distinguishable color, and other traits that help make the samples more desirable. In our research work, we have taken ethanol solutions that range from 45%-65% and aged them with a variety of American and French White Oak wood chips that had different charring preparations. Through analysis with a GC/MS and a UV/Vis Spectrometer, we have been able to determine the initial entrance of chemicals, their concentration changes over time, and the development of a time interval system for specific chemicals as they age our solutions.
Chemical engineering in the tavern
Jaime Jurado, Susquehanna Brewing Company
Phone: 2102404731
E-mail: jjurado@sbcbeer.com
Much of the world's social history has been framed around the inn, pub, or as the Romans called them, the tabernae. We often take for granted that the beer in the glass came from a keg, and that the requirements for gentle transport of the sensitive liquid are similar to what one would expect from many costlier materials: the product is shear-sensitive, highly sensitive to bacterial infection, and carbonation levels and target dispense temperature in the beer must be maintained. The customer demands the beer to be served in a tight temperature range, with a nice head of foam. After a quick overview of the scope of draft beer sales in the hospitality industry, we will explore, as chemists and chemical engineers, design aspects of beer draft dispense systems, and look at cleaning and dispense parameters in a framework made familiar in the undergraduate curricula. The presentation includes a simple kinetics-based model and closes with a brief look at analytical calculations related to carbonation and bubbles from a Stefan-Maxwell perspective.
Discovery of adulterated alcoholic beverages in Kazakhstan using optimized method based on solid-phase microextraction and GC-MS
Bulat Kenessov, al-Farabi Kazakh National University
Phone: 7 727 2921374
E-mail: bkenesov@mail.ru
Adulteration of alcoholic beverages in Kazakhstan and many developing countries around the world is a wide-spread problem causing health risks to population. For law enforcement agencies, forensic examination of actual products is generally the only tool to obtain proper evidences against responsible individuals and companies. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in combination with GC-MS was proven to be efficient and fast method for characterization of alcoholic beverages. In this research, SPME-GC-MS-based method was optimized for detection of a highest possible number of compounds present in cognacs, wines and vodkas. Synchronous SIM/Scan mode of MS detector was utilized for simultaneous detection of abundant constituents along with trace compounds. Optimized method was applied for examination of samples taken from various locations in Kazakhstan. Principal component analysis method was utilized to differentiate adulterated and non-adulterated samples. Research was conducted under ISTC (International Science and Technology Center) K-1983 project funded by US Department of State.
Historical perspective and modern day flavor significance of oak wood aging of distilled spirits
Elizabeth R Genthner, University of Illinois
Phone: 217-333-1642
E-mail: genthne1@illinois.edu
Wood barrel aging of fermented and distilled beverages has been in use for centuries. It is currently accepted that the wooden barrel was invented by the Celts around 900 B.C while inhabiting the Danube River area in central Europe. By noting the obvious flaws of clay pots for wine storage; the Celts, who were both talented wood-workers and metallurgists, created the first wooden barrel. After migrating to the Irish Isles, where grape cultivation was difficult, the first whiskey was born by the oak barrel aging of the distillate of fermented grains. Since then the practice of oak wood aging has had a tremendous impact on spirits manufacturing and has made its way around the world; notably as bourbon in the United States, tequila in Mexico, rum in the Caribbean, and many other regionally specific spirits. Significant strides have been made to characterize the desirable flavors imparted by oak. Some of the top contributing aroma compounds include: guaiacols (smoky), cresols (barn, medical), eugenols (clove), furanones (caramel), lactones (coconut, peach) and vanillin (vanilla). One of the most important discoveries was that of cis and trans-methyl octalactone, so called whiskey lactones. Both compounds are highly concentrated in oak wood as well as oak aged spirits and elicit a coconut-like odor. The above mentioned compounds, as well as some less-studied odorants that impart wood-like or incense-like notes, will be discussed.
Chemistry of the Hurricane cocktail
Neil C. Da Costa, International Flavors & Fragrances Inc.
Phone: 732-335-2110
E-mail: neil.dacosta@iff.com
The Hurricane cocktail is one of two famous signature cocktails of New Orleans, Louisiana; the other being the Sazarac. It was invented in the 1940's at Pat O'Brien's Bar to reputedly get rid of surplus rum the local distributors forced him to buy when whisky was scarce. Its main ingredients are light and dark rum respectively, lime juice and or orange juice, plus passionfruit juice. Additional components like gin, vodka, almond liqueur, triple sec, grapefruit juice, sugar syrup and grenadine have been added as the recipe developed over the years as well as variant recipes.
This presentation will describe the flavor volatile compositions of the key and minor ingredients. In addition the role these volatiles play in the overall flavor and drinking experience.
Chemistry and anatomy of a hangover
Alyson E Mitchell, University of California Davis
Phone: 530-304-6618
E-mail: aemitchell@ucdavis.edu
Most American's will experience a hangover at least once in their lifetime. The term hangover refers to a collection of unpleasant and painful symptoms that can develop after excessive alcohol intake. Headache, body aches, weakness, nausea are all common symptoms of a hangover. Acute alcohol intoxication can affect the liver, the brain, gastrointestinal system and the central nervous system. Alcohol is metabolized in the liver by two enzymes. Alcohol dehydrogenase oxidizes ethanol to form acetaldehyde; a reactive compound that quickly forms toxic free radicals. Acetaldehyde is further metabolized to the non-toxic acetic acid by the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase. Acetaldehyde produces many of the symptoms associated with a hangover. However, different types of alcohol can cause different hangover symptoms to manifest. Drinks with higher concentrations of congeners generally result in more pronounced symptoms. Red wines and dark liquors such as bourbon, brandy and whiskey contain higher levels of congeners than white wines and clear liquors such as vodka. Carbonation speeds the absorption of alcohol. Herein a general discussion of the biochemical effects of alcohol consumption and the anatomy of the resulting hangover will be discussed.
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'Chemistry of the Bar' symposium focuses on New Orleans' Hurricane Cocktail and more Public release date: 9-Apr-2013
[ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Michael Bernstein
m_bernstein@acs.org
504-670-4707 (New Orleans Press Center, April 5-10)
202-872-6042

Michael Woods
m_woods@acs.org
504-670-4707 (New Orleans Press Center, April 5-10)
202-872-6293
American Chemical Society

NEW ORLEANS, April 9, 2013 Call their taste and effects appealing or appalling, no matter. In a city that claims credit for invention of the cocktail, the Hurricane, Sazerac, Pimm's Cup, Bayou Bash, Hand Grenade, Ramos Gin Fizz and other concoctions are the spirits of the French Quarter and its most famous thoroughfare, which happens to be named Bourbon Street.
The scientific secrets of alcoholic beverages in the Crescent City and other venues will get a thorough shaking and stirring in a symposium titled "The Chemistry of the Bar" today during the 245th National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society, the world's largest scientific society.
Abstracts on the following topics appear below:
Chemistry of the Hurricane cocktail.
The chemistry of that sweet almond-flavored liquor called Amaretto.
Single-hop India pale ales.
The unseen plumbing in taverns that brings beer to the glass.
How aging affects the taste and aroma of bourbon.
The chemistry and anatomy of the hangover.
One of the speakers, Neil C. Da Costa, Ph.D., focused on what may be New Orleans' most famous mixed drink, the pink stuff that tourists sip from disposable plastic cups while strolling down Bourbon Street. (New Orleans laws permit drinking in public and leaving a bar with a drink, but prohibit public drinking from glass or metal containers.)
"The Hurricane is an ideal topic for this symposium," Da Costa explained. He is with International Flavors & Fragrances, Inc., in Union Beach, N.J. "It is one of New Orleans' signature cocktails, and its origins echo the city's vibrant history. The drink originated in the World War II era, in the 1940s. Scotch, bourbon and other whiskeys were hard to get. But there was a big surplus of rum. Local distributors forced bars to buy up to 50 cases of rum in order to get one case of whiskey. One bar owner, Pat O'Brien, came up with the recipe for a fruity rum drink and served it in a glass shaped like a hurricane lamp. The name stuck."
Da Costa's presentation goes beyond the history to focus on the Hurricane's key ingredients, their chemical compositions and interactions and sensory evaluations of the resulting beverage.
The Hurricane is mainly a light and dark rum cocktail, Da Costa said, noting that some recipes also call for generous portions of gin or vodka. Besides the spirits, a typical Hurricane contains lime juice, orange juice, passion fruit syrup, grenadine (which provides the red color and added sweetness) and a simple sugar syrup.
"For the Hurricane's fruity aroma, terpene compounds such as limonene and citral play a crucial role, giving a fresh citrus note. In addition, 'sweet' compound notes from the rum and sugar break down, such as various esters, vanillin, 5-methylfurfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. These combine to essentially give the sweet fruity aroma of the cocktail. Of course the strong aroma of aqueous ethanol is always appealing."
Freshness of the ingredients is the key to making the best Hurricane, Da Costa said, just as freshness affects the taste of the Bloody Mary and other cocktails with fruit or vegetable components. And Hurricanes made from powdered or bottled mixes pale in comparison to those made from scratch. Does premium or boutique rum improve the taste?
"Using pricey rum is probably a waste of money for most consumers," Da Costa said. "The Hurricane is an intensely sweet drink, with complex flavors, and that tends to mask the taste of the liquor. If you're going to drink one, go for the cheap bar or well rum."
###

The American Chemical Society is a nonprofit organization chartered by the U.S. Congress. With more than 163,000 members, ACS is the world's largest scientific society and a global leader in providing access to chemistry-related research through its multiple databases, peer-reviewed journals and scientific conferences. Its main offices are in Washington, D.C., and Columbus, Ohio.
To automatically receive news releases from the American Chemical Society, contact newsroom@acs.org.
Note to journalists: Please report that this research was presented at a meeting of the American Chemical Society.
Follow us: Twitter | Facebook
Here are abstracts of other presentations in the symposium:
Abstracts
Chemistry of Amaretto
Jerry A Zweigenbaum, Agilent Technologies
Phone: 302-636-3661
E-mail: j_zweigenbaum@agilent.com
Amaretto is a sweet almond flavored liquor made using varying ingredients that can include herbs, botanicals, apricot kerenal and almond essence. Amaretto can be enjoyed on its own or as a digestif. Its name comes from the Italian amaro meaning "bitter" or slightly bitter and is associated with the flavor of bitter almond. Its origin is found in the Italian town of Sarrono and legend has it was a gift of brandy soaked in apricot pits. Apricot pits, like almond kernels, are rich in the diglycoside amygdalin, which is found in the seeds of the trees Prunus dulcis. Amygdalin is composed of two glucose moieties a cyanide group and a benzene ring. Upon de-glycosylation, amygdalin forms benzaldehyde; the key component of bitter almond taste and aroma. Herein, the chemical composition of 6 different brands of amaretto liqueur were evaluated for amygladin down to trace levels using a UHPLC (ESI)-MS/MS. In addition, UHPLC-Q TOF MS/MS was used to profile the non-volatile compounds found in ethanolic almond kernel extracts and this profile was compared to that found in the different amarettos. Finally, headspace GC/MS was used to characterize the volatile components of the 6 liqueurs and ethanolic extracts of almond kernels. From these analyses the chemistry of amaretto will be described.
Decoding the taste of wine by combining analytical chemistry and sensory evaluation
Andreas Dunkel, Technical University of Munich
Phone: 00498161712903
E-mail: andreas.dunkel@tum.de
The sensory impressions perceived during wine consumption result from the simultaneous stimulation of our senses. Although a wine is initially assessed by its visual appearance and bouquet, the bitter taste and the astringent oral sensation are important contributors to the sensory quality of wines. Aimed at identifying the key molecules driving the attractive taste of a red wine, a screening technique called taste dilution analysis was applied to a red wine and a total number of 37 compounds was isolated and characterized. Quantitative studies in combination with taste reconstitution and omission experiments demonstrated that besides the low-molecular weight compounds a structurally undefined high molecular weight fraction was important for the overall astringency. Gel permeation chromatography, alkaline treatment, acidic hydrolysis, and thiolytic depolymerization, respectively, followed by compositional analysis demonstrated these taste-active polymers to be made up by diversely substituted flavan-3-ol derivatives, carbohydrates, phenylpropenoic acids, hydroxylated benzoic acids, and anthocyanins.
Quality assessment of Polish raw spirits using GC GC-TOFMS and electronic nose
Tomasz Dymerski, Gdansk University of Technology
Phone: +48 58 348 64 11
E-mail: tomasz.dymerski@gmail.com
Quality is a very important attribute of every alcoholic beverage. To provide high quality of these products, the quality of intermediate materials has to be ensured as well. The purpose of this work was the identification of volatiles present in the headspace of Polish raw spirits. Volatile compounds were isolated by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME). Analyses were performed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCGC-TOF-MS). Over 200 compounds were identified. Some of them were selected as quality markers of Polish raw spirits. The second aim of this work was the characterization of the volatile fraction of Polish raw spirits using a prototype electronic nose equipped with six non-selective semiconductor sensors. For data acquisition and processing, an in-house written program based on principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized. This study has proven that the prototype electronic nose can distinguish.
Beer-omics: Differential analysis of single-hop India pale ales by q-TOF MS and NMR
Christine A Hughey, James Madison University
Phone: 540-568-6633
E-mail: hugheyca@jmu.edu
Metabolomics of food is an emerging field that combines the disciplines of food science and nutrition with advances in bioinformatics and untargeted profiling technologies. Here we use quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (q-TOF MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to profile single-hop India pale ales (IPAs) produced by the Mikkeller brewery in 2010 and 2011. The brewer kept all the parameters the same and varied only the hop used. Differential analysis (e.g., PCA and hierarchical clustering) by q-TOF MS revealed significant compositional differences between the 2010 and 2011 batches. These compositional differences were used to build a class prediction model that successfully identified the hop in unknown single-hop IPAs 100% of the time. We also conducted ¹³C-natural abundance HMQC experiments on a 600 MHz NMR in order to investigate how NMR may provide complementary metabolite profiling information to q-TOF MS.
Volatile compounds of aromatic cocktail bitters: A HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis
Arielle J Johnson, University of California, Davis
Phone: 5307549066
E-mail: ajohnson@ucdavis.edu
Aromatic cocktail bitters, concentrated alcoholic tinctures of herbs, spices, barks, roots, and other other highly-flavored plant material, are an essential component of many mixed drinks. Despite their historical and culinary importance and recent cultural and commercial resurgence, there is little to no data available on their volatile components, which would allow for a broader understanding of the flavor chemistry of mixed drinks, and could assist in the development of further styles of bitters. In this experiment, ten cocktail bitters including historical and modern styles were analyzed semiquantitatively in triplicate by Headspace-Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Each bitter contained, on average, 34 compounds and each compound was found in a mean of 2.5 bitters. Overall, 134 different volatile compounds were identified, including 11 aliphatic aldehydes, 17 esters, 28 sesquiterpenoids, 42 monoterpenoids and 25 aromatic compounds including 14 phenylpropenes.
Early aging: The characteristics given to bourbon in the early stages of White Oak aging
Scott Varney, Transylvania University
Phone: 606-854-4772
E-mail: msvarney13@transy.edu
In the creation of commercial bourbons and whiskeys, the aging process in a usually charred White Oak barrel has the ability to add many flavors and characteristics to the alcohol solution before being bottled and sold to consumers. In this process many of these alcohol solutions are given additional characteristics such as smoky flavors, a distinguishable color, and other traits that help make the samples more desirable. In our research work, we have taken ethanol solutions that range from 45%-65% and aged them with a variety of American and French White Oak wood chips that had different charring preparations. Through analysis with a GC/MS and a UV/Vis Spectrometer, we have been able to determine the initial entrance of chemicals, their concentration changes over time, and the development of a time interval system for specific chemicals as they age our solutions.
Chemical engineering in the tavern
Jaime Jurado, Susquehanna Brewing Company
Phone: 2102404731
E-mail: jjurado@sbcbeer.com
Much of the world's social history has been framed around the inn, pub, or as the Romans called them, the tabernae. We often take for granted that the beer in the glass came from a keg, and that the requirements for gentle transport of the sensitive liquid are similar to what one would expect from many costlier materials: the product is shear-sensitive, highly sensitive to bacterial infection, and carbonation levels and target dispense temperature in the beer must be maintained. The customer demands the beer to be served in a tight temperature range, with a nice head of foam. After a quick overview of the scope of draft beer sales in the hospitality industry, we will explore, as chemists and chemical engineers, design aspects of beer draft dispense systems, and look at cleaning and dispense parameters in a framework made familiar in the undergraduate curricula. The presentation includes a simple kinetics-based model and closes with a brief look at analytical calculations related to carbonation and bubbles from a Stefan-Maxwell perspective.
Discovery of adulterated alcoholic beverages in Kazakhstan using optimized method based on solid-phase microextraction and GC-MS
Bulat Kenessov, al-Farabi Kazakh National University
Phone: 7 727 2921374
E-mail: bkenesov@mail.ru
Adulteration of alcoholic beverages in Kazakhstan and many developing countries around the world is a wide-spread problem causing health risks to population. For law enforcement agencies, forensic examination of actual products is generally the only tool to obtain proper evidences against responsible individuals and companies. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in combination with GC-MS was proven to be efficient and fast method for characterization of alcoholic beverages. In this research, SPME-GC-MS-based method was optimized for detection of a highest possible number of compounds present in cognacs, wines and vodkas. Synchronous SIM/Scan mode of MS detector was utilized for simultaneous detection of abundant constituents along with trace compounds. Optimized method was applied for examination of samples taken from various locations in Kazakhstan. Principal component analysis method was utilized to differentiate adulterated and non-adulterated samples. Research was conducted under ISTC (International Science and Technology Center) K-1983 project funded by US Department of State.
Historical perspective and modern day flavor significance of oak wood aging of distilled spirits
Elizabeth R Genthner, University of Illinois
Phone: 217-333-1642
E-mail: genthne1@illinois.edu
Wood barrel aging of fermented and distilled beverages has been in use for centuries. It is currently accepted that the wooden barrel was invented by the Celts around 900 B.C while inhabiting the Danube River area in central Europe. By noting the obvious flaws of clay pots for wine storage; the Celts, who were both talented wood-workers and metallurgists, created the first wooden barrel. After migrating to the Irish Isles, where grape cultivation was difficult, the first whiskey was born by the oak barrel aging of the distillate of fermented grains. Since then the practice of oak wood aging has had a tremendous impact on spirits manufacturing and has made its way around the world; notably as bourbon in the United States, tequila in Mexico, rum in the Caribbean, and many other regionally specific spirits. Significant strides have been made to characterize the desirable flavors imparted by oak. Some of the top contributing aroma compounds include: guaiacols (smoky), cresols (barn, medical), eugenols (clove), furanones (caramel), lactones (coconut, peach) and vanillin (vanilla). One of the most important discoveries was that of cis and trans-methyl octalactone, so called whiskey lactones. Both compounds are highly concentrated in oak wood as well as oak aged spirits and elicit a coconut-like odor. The above mentioned compounds, as well as some less-studied odorants that impart wood-like or incense-like notes, will be discussed.
Chemistry of the Hurricane cocktail
Neil C. Da Costa, International Flavors & Fragrances Inc.
Phone: 732-335-2110
E-mail: neil.dacosta@iff.com
The Hurricane cocktail is one of two famous signature cocktails of New Orleans, Louisiana; the other being the Sazarac. It was invented in the 1940's at Pat O'Brien's Bar to reputedly get rid of surplus rum the local distributors forced him to buy when whisky was scarce. Its main ingredients are light and dark rum respectively, lime juice and or orange juice, plus passionfruit juice. Additional components like gin, vodka, almond liqueur, triple sec, grapefruit juice, sugar syrup and grenadine have been added as the recipe developed over the years as well as variant recipes.
This presentation will describe the flavor volatile compositions of the key and minor ingredients. In addition the role these volatiles play in the overall flavor and drinking experience.
Chemistry and anatomy of a hangover
Alyson E Mitchell, University of California Davis
Phone: 530-304-6618
E-mail: aemitchell@ucdavis.edu
Most American's will experience a hangover at least once in their lifetime. The term hangover refers to a collection of unpleasant and painful symptoms that can develop after excessive alcohol intake. Headache, body aches, weakness, nausea are all common symptoms of a hangover. Acute alcohol intoxication can affect the liver, the brain, gastrointestinal system and the central nervous system. Alcohol is metabolized in the liver by two enzymes. Alcohol dehydrogenase oxidizes ethanol to form acetaldehyde; a reactive compound that quickly forms toxic free radicals. Acetaldehyde is further metabolized to the non-toxic acetic acid by the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase. Acetaldehyde produces many of the symptoms associated with a hangover. However, different types of alcohol can cause different hangover symptoms to manifest. Drinks with higher concentrations of congeners generally result in more pronounced symptoms. Red wines and dark liquors such as bourbon, brandy and whiskey contain higher levels of congeners than white wines and clear liquors such as vodka. Carbonation speeds the absorption of alcohol. Herein a general discussion of the biochemical effects of alcohol consumption and the anatomy of the resulting hangover will be discussed.
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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-04/acs-ot031213.php
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ABC News's Jonathan Karl and Shushannah Walshe Report:

Mark Kelly isn't taking no for an answer.

"Failure is not an option," Kelly, former astronaut and husband of Gabby Giffords, told ABC News' Jonathan Karl in an interview, stressing that he's doing everything in his power to get tougher gun control laws passed in Washington, especially universal background checks.

"In some cases more than 90 percent of Americans want a universal background check passed," Kelly said, adding "Gabby will be incredibly disappointed, as I imagine a large part of this country will be, if a universal background check bill is not passed here in this session."

Kelly and Giffords have been the public faces of the gun control fight recently, spearheading the push for universal background checks. They are both gun owners, as well as high-profile gun violence victims, since the young, rising star Arizona congresswoman was shot in the head in January 2011.

As Congress is expected to take up tougher gun control measures this week or next, Kelly says if it "doesn't pass it says something, it sends a pretty strong message that Congress doesn't always answer to the American people."

"It's unconscionable that with 20 first graders murdered in their classrooms that Congress would not act and that's why I've got to believe?that something will happen within the next two weeks," Kelly said referring to the Sandy Hook school shooting, adding that if Congress does not act there will be political "consequences."

"I think come the 2014 elections I think people are going to remember that, assuming nothing happens here, that in 2014 they will remember that Congress failed to support something that nearly 100 percent of Americans wanted to happen," Kelly said.

He says both he and his wife, along with their new group Americans for Responsible Solutions, are "putting everything we have in this" and they are "focused 100 percent" on the issue.

"I'm optimistic and I see a path to success," Kelly said, noting he and Giffords will be traveling to Washington, DC next week. "I know there are both Republican and Democratic senators who are working very hard each day to make sure that this happens."

On the day Congress returned from a two week break, Kelly also gave his "closing argument" to the Republicans and Democrats he has been trying to persuade on the issue.

"My closing argument would be listen to your constituents," Kelly said in the interview. "Even in states like Texas, and where I am right now in Arizona, that more than 80 percent of people here in these states, gun owners, members of the NRA. Seventy-four percent of the members of the NRA want a universal background check passed."

Kelly isn't stopping there, urging all Americans to call up "their Republican and Democratic senators" and demand "action on this issue."

"I am optimistic that with the support of the American people we're going to get this done," Kelly said, calling the current "dual system" of background checks "crazy."

"We have this dual system where responsible gun owners like myself, like millions of Americans get a background check, but if you want to avoid the background check you have the option of going to a gun show or the Internet. That's not a great way to do business and it makes our streets, our schools, our churches and our communities much less safe."

He says the "single most important thing" Congress can do "to make our streets safe" is to pass a universal background check bill in the coming days or weeks.

Scientists from Cardiff University and the University of Barcelona have discovered new clues about past rapid climate change.

The research, published this month in the journal Nature Geoscience, concludes that oceanographic reorganisations and biological processes are linked to the supply of airborne dust in the Southern Ocean and this connection played a key role in past rapid fluctuations of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, an important component in the climate system.

The scientists studied a marine sediment core from the Southern Ocean and reconstructed chemical signatures at different water depths using stable isotope ratios in the shells of foraminifera, singlecelled marine organisms. They found that the chemical difference between intermediate level and deep waters over the last 300,000 years closely resembled the changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and the input of windblown dust.

Dr Martin Ziegler, School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, explained: "The deep ocean is by far the largest pool of available carbon on short timescales. In the Southern Ocean, water from the deep rises to the sea surface and comes in contact with the atmosphere. These waters will release their carbon to the atmosphere unless marine phytoplankton captures this carbon through photosynthesis and transports it back into the deep when it dies and sinks. The efficiency of this biological activity in the Southern Ocean is thought to depend on the input of nutrients, namely iron, contained in wind blown dust. It is also this efficiency that determines the strength of chemical stratification in the Southern Ocean."

Professor Ian Hall, School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, added: "Our study finds large changes in chemical stratification of the Southern Ocean not only across the shifts from ice ages to warm interglacial conditions, but also on more rapid, millennial timescales. However, changes in dust flux on these short timescales are much smaller. This could suggest that the biological response to a change in dust input is much more sensitive when the dust flux is relatively low such as it is today. This iron fertilization process might be therefore more important than previously thought."

These findings provide an important benchmark for climate modeling studies and more research will be needed to determine the significance and impact of future changes in dust input into the Southern Ocean.

###

The research was supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council and is part of the international Gateways training network, funded by the 7th Framework Programme of the European Union.
Notes to editors
Cardiff University
Cardiff University is recognised in independent government assessments as one of Britain's leading teaching and research universities and is a member of the Russell Group of the UK's most research intensive universities. Among its academic staff are two Nobel Laureates, including the winner of the 2007 Nobel Prize for Medicine, University Chancellor Professor Sir Martin Evans. Founded by Royal Charter in 1883, today the University combines impressive modern facilities and a dynamic approach to teaching and research. The University's breadth of expertise encompasses: the College of Humanities and Social Sciences; the College of Biomedical and Life Sciences; and the College of Physical Sciences, along with a longstanding commitment to lifelong learning. Cardiff's three flagship Research Institutes are offering radical new approaches to neurosciences and mental health, cancer stem cells and sustainable places.
http://www.cardiff.ac.uk

For more information contact:
Professor Ian Hall
School of Earth and Ocean Sciences
Cardiff University
Tel: 02920875612
Email: Hall@cardiff.ac.uk

Emma Darling
Public Relations
Cardiff University
Tel: 02920874499
Email: DarlingEL@cardiff.ac.uk
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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Rapid climate change and the role of the Southern Ocean Public release date: 8-Apr-2013
[ | E-mail | Share ]
Contact: Ian Hall
Hall@cardiff.ac.uk
44-029-208-75612
Cardiff University

Scientists from Cardiff University and the University of Barcelona have discovered new clues about past rapid climate change.

The research, published this month in the journal Nature Geoscience, concludes that oceanographic reorganisations and biological processes are linked to the supply of airborne dust in the Southern Ocean and this connection played a key role in past rapid fluctuations of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, an important component in the climate system.

The scientists studied a marine sediment core from the Southern Ocean and reconstructed chemical signatures at different water depths using stable isotope ratios in the shells of foraminifera, singlecelled marine organisms. They found that the chemical difference between intermediate level and deep waters over the last 300,000 years closely resembled the changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and the input of windblown dust.

Dr Martin Ziegler, School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, explained: "The deep ocean is by far the largest pool of available carbon on short timescales. In the Southern Ocean, water from the deep rises to the sea surface and comes in contact with the atmosphere. These waters will release their carbon to the atmosphere unless marine phytoplankton captures this carbon through photosynthesis and transports it back into the deep when it dies and sinks. The efficiency of this biological activity in the Southern Ocean is thought to depend on the input of nutrients, namely iron, contained in wind blown dust. It is also this efficiency that determines the strength of chemical stratification in the Southern Ocean."

Professor Ian Hall, School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, added: "Our study finds large changes in chemical stratification of the Southern Ocean not only across the shifts from ice ages to warm interglacial conditions, but also on more rapid, millennial timescales. However, changes in dust flux on these short timescales are much smaller. This could suggest that the biological response to a change in dust input is much more sensitive when the dust flux is relatively low such as it is today. This iron fertilization process might be therefore more important than previously thought."

These findings provide an important benchmark for climate modeling studies and more research will be needed to determine the significance and impact of future changes in dust input into the Southern Ocean.

###

The research was supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council and is part of the international Gateways training network, funded by the 7th Framework Programme of the European Union.
Notes to editors
Cardiff University
Cardiff University is recognised in independent government assessments as one of Britain's leading teaching and research universities and is a member of the Russell Group of the UK's most research intensive universities. Among its academic staff are two Nobel Laureates, including the winner of the 2007 Nobel Prize for Medicine, University Chancellor Professor Sir Martin Evans. Founded by Royal Charter in 1883, today the University combines impressive modern facilities and a dynamic approach to teaching and research. The University's breadth of expertise encompasses: the College of Humanities and Social Sciences; the College of Biomedical and Life Sciences; and the College of Physical Sciences, along with a longstanding commitment to lifelong learning. Cardiff's three flagship Research Institutes are offering radical new approaches to neurosciences and mental health, cancer stem cells and sustainable places.
http://www.cardiff.ac.uk

For more information contact:
Professor Ian Hall
School of Earth and Ocean Sciences
Cardiff University
Tel: 02920875612
Email: Hall@cardiff.ac.uk

Emma Darling
Public Relations
Cardiff University
Tel: 02920874499
Email: DarlingEL@cardiff.ac.uk
[ | E-mail | Share ]
?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-04/cu-rcc040813.php
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By Aissam El Hani

Morocco World News

Targuist, Morocco, April 07, 2013

The Arabic version of Al Arabiya Channel has reported that the IT giant Google is close to buying the popular instant messaging WhatsApp.

Google has been in negotiations for five weeks with the owner of WhatsApp and offered him $1 billion.

DigitalTrends, a well-known IT news site, has announced that there are rumors that Google Babble will combine Google?s disparate communication services under one roof, but the platform still needs to do something to innovate this service. Mobile messaging has been taken over by smaller apps and Facebook has made a major push as well.

Google hasn?t yet received an answer to its offer. Google Product Manager Nikhyl Singhal confessed to GigaOM in June of last year that ?We have done an incredibly poor job of servicing our users here.? ?Messaging is a huge, gaping hole in Google?s mobile strategy?, he added.

WhatsApp is considered one of the best mobile Apps for instant messaging platforms. The latest statistics show that it is used in 100 countries and on over 750 mobile networks.

WhatsApp developers have confirmed that users exchange over one billion messages daily all over the world, which is what led them to undertake immense efforts to improve the service for Android, iOS, Windows mobile and Blackberry users.

Some reports have claimed that Facebook already tried to buy WhatsApp last year but a deal was not made.

Source: http://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2013/04/85716/google-offers-1-billion-to-buy-whatsapp/

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Lithium-ion battery technology topic of dozens of new scientific reports this week

Public release date: 7-Apr-2013
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Contact: Michael Bernstein
m_bernstein@acs.org
504-670-4707 (New Orleans Press Center, April 5-10)
202-872-6042

Michael Woods
m_woods@acs.org
504-670-4707 (New Orleans Press Center, April 5-10)
202-872-6293

American Chemical Society

NEW ORLEANS, April 7, 2013 With lithium-ion batteries in the news for grounding the Boeing 787 Dreamliner fleet and as a fixture in many consumer electronics products li-ion technology is the topic of dozens of potentially newsworthy scientific reports that begin here today. The presentations are part of the 245th National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society, the world's largest scientific society.
Abstracts of some key reports scheduled for the meeting appear below.
###

The American Chemical Society is a nonprofit organization chartered by the U.S. Congress. With more than 163,000 members, ACS is the world's largest scientific society and a global leader in providing access to chemistry-related research through its multiple databases, peer-reviewed journals and scientific conferences. Its main offices are in Washington, D.C., and Columbus, Ohio.

To automatically receive news releases from the American Chemical Society, contact newsroom@acs.org.

Note to journalists: Please report that this research was presented at a meeting of the American Chemical Society.
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Abstracts
High efficiency low temperature recycling technology for lithium ion batteries
Yan Wang, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Phone: 508-831-5453
Email: yanwang@wpi.edu

Lithium ion (Li ion) batteries are extensively used because of their high energy density, good cycle life, high capacity, etc. The rechargeable Li ion battery market was ~ $4.6 billion in 2006 and is expected to grow to more than $6.3 billion by 2012. Also lithium ion batteries are gradually being used for large applications, such as hybrid or electrical vehicles and grid systems. At present, Li ion batteries such as the ones used in cell phones and laptops are not widely recycled. We believe that such an open loop industrial cycle is not sustainable; it is our strong conviction that we must develop and establish viable Li ion battery recycling methodologies. In this project, we recycle Li ion batteries through low temperature chemical methods and active materials can be synthesized during recycling process; this will reduce energy usage, environmental damage, lead to economically viable processes, and strengthen our national security position.

Potential induced structural changes and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) decomposition in Sn anodes for Li ion batteries
Hadi Tavassol, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign
Phone: 217-333-8720
Email: tavasso2@illinois.edu

We report measurements of electrochemical surface stress of thin film Sn electrodes for Li-ion battery anodes at potentials
In contrast, Sn surfaces exhibit significant changes in compressive and tensile surface stress even before Li insertion. Since these features occur in potential regions where there is no major interaction between Li and Sn, these features originate in changes in the Sn material itself. During the cathodic scan, an intense compressive feature at ca. 0.7 V vs. Li/Li+ is observed. A major tensile release at ca. 0.6 V vs. Li/Li+ follows this compressive feature. These features have a structural origin in a phase change in the Sn anode. This phase change impacts the ability of Sn and its alloys to serve as an anode material for a Li ion battery.

We also report the results of matrix assisted laser desorption (MALDI) time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of Sn electrodes. In a mixture of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate, long chain oligomers are observed following the first cycle. These oligomers decompose in the subsequent cycles showing that Sn surfaces form an unstable SEI. This decomposition produces oligomerized species, which are different from those formed at the end of the first cycle. We discuss potential and solvent dependent oligomerization mechanisms and their effect on the mechanical properties of Sn electrodes.

Chemically induced stresses in Li ion battery electrodes
Brian W. Sheldon, Brown University
Phone: 401-863-2866
Email: Brian_Sheldon@brown.edu

Lithiation induced volume changes in battery electrode materials lead to a variety of chemo-mechanical phenomena. It is difficult to investigate these mechanisms directly in complex electrode microstructures that consist of powdered active components, conductive filler, and binders. Thin films provide an opportunity to more directly investigate fundamental processes, by combining in situ stress data with conventional in situ electrochemical measurements. Three examples that demonstrate this approach will be highlighted: (1) the formation of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on graphitic carbon films, where disruption of the near surface leads to stresses that impact the SEI stability; (2) the stress-induced response of interfaces in model Si-based nanocomposite structures, (3) the role of stress and oxygen non-stoichiometry on phase transformations in vanadium oxide films.

New low-temperature, non-flammable polyelectrolyte systems for lithium ion batteries
Joseph M DeSimone, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Phone: 919-962-5468
Email: desimone@unc.edu

Renewable lithium-ion batteries are promising sustainable alternatives to non-renewable energy resources like petroleum. However, safety concerns, electrochemical stability, and narrow temperature range of operation remain persisting challenges that impede their prominence. In order to circumvent these shortcomings, we will describe herein a new class of lithium ion electrolytes composed of perfluoropolyethers (PFPE) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) mixtures. These polymeric blends are amphiphilic, transparent, homogeneous and demonstrate the ability to solvate different lithium salts. The flammability, degree of crystallinity, ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability of these carbonate-free systems will be discussed.

Vanadium oxide mesocrystals: Synthesis, formation mechanism, and application in lithium-ion battery
Evan Uchaker, University of Washington
Phone: 206-543-2600
Email: uchaker@uw.edu

An additive and template free process was developed for the synthesis of mesocrystalline VO2(B) nanostars via the solvothermal reaction of oxalic acid and V2O5. Microscopy results demonstrate that the six-armed star architectures are composed of stacked nanosheets that are homoepitaxially oriented along the [100] crystallographic register with respect to one another. The mesocrystal formation mechanism is proposed to proceed through classical as well as non-classical crystallization processes and was possibly facilitated or promoted by the presence of a reducing/chelating agent. The product was tested as cathode for lithium-ion batteries and show good capacity at discharge rates ranging from 150-1500 mA g-1 and a cyclic stability of 195 mA h g-1 over fifty cycles. The exposed (100) facets lead to fast lithium intercalation, and the homoepitaxial stacking of nanosheets offers a strong inner-sheet binding force that leads to better accommodation of the strain induced during cycling.

High-performance lithium-ion battery anode based on core-shell heterostructure of silicon-coated vertically aligned carbon nanofibers
Jun Li, Kansas State University
Phone: 785-532-0955
Email: junli@ksu.edu

A high-performance hybrid lithium-ion anode material was developed using coaxially coated Si shells on vertically aligned carbon nanofiber (VACNF) cores. The bush-like VACNFs serve as conductive cores to effectively interface with Si shells for Li+ storage. The open core-shell nanowire structure allows the Si shells to freely expand/contract in the radial direction during Li+ insertion/extraction. A high specific capacity of 3000-3650 mAh(gSi)-1, comparable to the maximum value of amorphous Si, has been achieved. About 89% of capacity is retained after 100 charge-discharge cycles at C/1 rate. After long cycling, the electrode material becomes even more stable, showing the invariant Li+ storage capacity as the charge-discharge rate is increased by 20 times from C/10 to C/0.5 (or 2C). The ability to obtain high capacity at significantly improved power rates while maintaining the extraordinary cycle stability demonstrates that this novel structure could be a promising anode material for high-performance Li-ion batteries.

Used Li-ion batteries recycling: Lithium recovery for a new utilization
Richard Laucournet, CEA Grenoble
Phone: 33 438 781 178
Email: richard.laucournet@cea.fr

The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission has been starting a key program on the development of Li-ion technologies for applications such as green transportation and stationary energy storage. Among them, the technologies based on LFP and LTO active materials are now transferring at industrial scale. In parallel, the recycling has to be considered for production scrap and batteries end of life.

In this domain, two main issues arise:
The European regulation fixes at 50% the minimal recycling rate,
The economical balance of current recycling processes is threatened by materials without Co, Ni or Mn.
A study has been initiated on the recycling of such materials by hydrometallurgy in order to maximize the value of main elements by reintroducing them in the new active materials synthesis. Lithium and Iron were recovered, separated and turned into phosphates or carbonates with high purity and high recovery rate.

Redox Shuttle Additives for High Voltage Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes
Susan A. Odom, University of Kentucky
Phone: 404-805-1799
Email: susan.odom@uky.edu

Preventing overcharge in lithium-ion batteries is critical for extending battery lifetimes and preventing safety issues. When batteries connected in series have non-equivalent capacities, one or more batteries will become fully charged before the battery pack is completely charged, thus resulting in an overcharged state, which lead to irreversible reactions of the electrode and electrolyte. Redox shuttles can mitigate excess charge by acting as an internal shunt for excess current. We are developing new redox shuttles with the aim of increasing oxidation potentials for higher voltage cathodes. It is also critical to have long cycle lifetimes to ensure many overcharge cycles. We report new N-ethylphenothiazine derivatives as redox shuttle additives. The presentation will include synthesis of new derivatives, comparisons of oxidation potentials from cyclic voltammetry to energy levels obtained from DFT calculations, and battery cycling studies.

Non-flammable electrolytes for high performance lithium-ion batteries
Christopher Rhodes, Lynntech, Inc.
Phone: 979-764-2313
Email: chris.rhodes@lynntech.com

Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries with improved safety and high performance are needed for numerous applications including electric vehicles and consumer electronics. Current lithium-ion batteries utilize a flammable electrolyte which can combust and release highly toxic chemicals. Non-flammable electrolytes based on ionic liquids, phosphates, phosphonates, and other fire retardant additives have been developed, however, most non-flammable electrolytes developed to date result in decreased battery performance particularly under high rate and low temperature conditions. Compositions were developed to allow the electrolyte to be both non-flammable and provide high performance under wide temperature ranges and high rates. The electrolyte properties and electrochemical performance of cells containing the electrolyte were evaluated. Testing showed that electrolytes containing specific flame retardant additives and components provide batteries with significantly lower flammability and similar capacities, rates, cycle lives, and temperature ranges as batteries containing conventional flammable electrolytes.

Graphene-based flexible supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries
Hui-Ming Cheng, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Phone: 0086-24-2397-1611
Email: cheng@imr.ac.cn

Graphene has high specific surface area, good chemical stability, high electrical and thermal conductivity, and excellent flexibility. Therefore, graphene and its composite materials can be used as free-standing and binder-free electrodes for flexible energy storage devices.

First, flexible graphene/polyaniline paper was prepared by in situ anodic electropolymerization of polyaniline on a graphene membrane, and it shows a stable large electrochemical capacitance and excellent cyclibility. Second, we fabricated graphene-cellulose paper membranes which are used as freestanding and binder-free electrodes for flexible supercapacitors with good performance. Finally, we developed template-directed CVD to synthesize a three-dimensional interconnected graphene framework (GF). An anode and cathode were made by coating active materials on the GF to assemble a thin, lightweight and flexible lithium ion battery. The battery has high rate capability and capacity, and can be repeatedly bent down to
Silicon nanowire core aluminum shell coaxial nanocomposites for lithium ion battery anodes grown with and without a TiN interlayer
David Mitlin, University of Alberta
Phone: 780-492-1542
Email: dmitlin@ualberta.ca

We investigated the effect of aluminum coating layers and of the support growth substrates on the electrochemical performance of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) used as negative electrodes in lithium ion battery half-cells. Extensive TEM and SEM analysis was utilized to detail the cycling induced morphology changes in both the Al-SiNW nanocomposites and in the baseline SiNWs. We observed an improved cycling performance in the Si nanowires that were coated with 3 and 8 wt.% aluminum. After 50 cycles, both the bare and the 3 wt.% Al coated nanowires retained 2600 mAh/g capacity. However beyond 50 cycles, the coated nanowires showed higher capacity as well as better capacity retention with respect to the first cycle. Our hypothesis is that the nanoscale yet continuous electrochemically active aluminum shell places the Si nanowires in compression, reducing the magnitude of their cracking/disintegration and the subsequent loss of electrical contact with the electrode. We combined impedance spectroscopy with microscopy analysis to demonstrate how the Al coating affects the solid electrolyte interface (SEI). A similar thickness alumina (Al2O3) coating, grown via atomic layer deposition (ALD), was shown not to be as effective in reducing the long-term capacity loss. We demonstrate that an electrically conducting TiN barrier layer present between the nanowires and the underlying stainless steel current collector leads to a higher specific capacity during cycling and a significantly improved coulombic efficiency. Using TiN the irreversible capacity loss was only 6.9% from the initial 3581 mAh/g, while the while the first discharge (lithiation) capacity loss was only 4%. This is one of the best combinations reported in literature.

Materials challenges and opportunities of lithium-ion batteries
Arumugam Manthiram, University of Texas at Austin
Phone: 512-471-1791
Email: rmanth@mail.utexas.edu

Lithium-ion batteries have revolutionized the portable electronics market, but their adoption for transportation and stationary electrical energy storage applications is hampered by high cost and safety concerns. The success of lithium-ion technology for these applications relies heavily on the development of low-cost, safe cathode and anode materials with high energy and power along with long cycle life. After providing an overview of the pros and cons of the existing cathode and anode materials, this presentation will focus on high-capacity, high-voltage layered and spinel oxide cathodes as well as nano-engineered alloy anodes. With the oxide cathodes, the importance of surface structure and chemistry to realize a robust electrode-electrolyte interface and superior electrochemical performance will be focused. With the alloy anodes, the importance of nanoarchitectures to avoid particle growth and realize long cycle life will be discussed.

Silicon and Germanium nanowires for next generation high capacity lithium ion batteries
Brian A Korgel, University of Texas at Austin
Phone: 512-471-5633
Email: korgel@che.utexas.edu

Lithium (Li)-ion batteries have the highest energy and power density of any available rechargeable battery technology and they are widely used to power portable electronics. Still, Li-ion batteries are needed with lower cost, lighter weight, higher energy density, and better performance at fast charge/discharge rates. The most demanding Li-ion batteries applications of in battery-powered electric vehicles and large-scale (or grid) energy storage require unprecedented enhancements in energy and power density. One way to increase the energy density of a Li-ion battery is to replace the graphite anode with silicon (Si) or germanium (Ge). Si and Ge have significantly higher lithium storage capacities than graphite (3,579 mA h g-1 and 1,384 mA h g-1 compared to 373 mA h g-1). Si and Ge, however, undergo massive volume expansions when lithiatedby about 280%. Nanowires are being explored for Li-ion batteries because they can more or less tolerate these volume changes without degradation. Battery performance, however, relies on all of the constituents of the anode, including electrolyte and binder formulations. Seeds used to grow the nanowires can also influence the battery performance. Here, we present battery results using large quantities of Si and Ge nanowires grown by solution-based methods. The highest performance Si nanowires have been grown using tin seeds, which is also electrochemically active, and Ge nanowires have exhibited the best rate capability with capacities near the theoretical capacity due to its reasonably high electrical conductivity and fast Li diffusion.

Lithium-ion batteries: Ageing processes and surface/interface phenomena
Remi Dedryvere, University of Pau
Phone: 33 5 59 40 75 97
Email: remi.dedryvere@univ-pau.fr

Lithium-ion batteries are the well-established power source of portable electronic devices. Research efforts are now mainly motivated by the quest for improved energy storage systems for renewable energies and urban transportation. Future Li-ion battery applications such as electric vehicles require higher energy or power densities. Other applications require a good electrochemical behavior at high temperatures.

The reactivity at electrode/electrolyte interfaces is a very important issue. Common Li-ion batteries can work only because a passivation layer is formed at the surface of graphite that prevents this electrode from side reactions towards electrolyte. The use of new nanosized electrode materials, or operating at unusual temperatures, increases the importance of these electrode/electrolyte interface issues that directly impact the safety and the life span of batteries. In this presentation I will show some of the latest results obtained in the study of ageing processes in Li-ion batteries by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS).

Lithium single-ion conducting polymers with unusual high-voltage stabilities for battery applications
Ryan L. Weber, University of Wisconsin Madison
Phone: 330-414-6897
Email: rweber@chem.wisc.edu

Polymeric lithium single-ion conductors (PLSICs), in which mobile Li-ions are associated with a polyanionic backbone, mitigate problems with electrolyte polarization in Li-ion batteries. We have synthesized an electrochemically stable PLSIC by acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization of a diolefin monomer containing a lithium bis(malonato)borate functionality. Electrochemical studies of this polymer reveal moderate lithium conductivity and an unusually wide electrochemical window (0.05-8.0 V vs. Li/Li+) due to the formation of a stable solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer.

Nanosheets of layered transition metal dichalcogenides for lithium-ion batteries
Timothy R Pope, University of Georgia
Phone: 470-214-7834
Email: timpope@uga.edu

Layered transition metal dichalcogenides, MX2, where M is a transition metal from groups 4 to 6 and X is S, Se, or Te, have potential as high discharge capacity materials in lithium-ion batteries. In these materials, individual layers of MX2 are held together by van der Waals forces, which permits the intercalation of ions or small molecules, as well as separation into mono-or multilayer nanomaterials. To date, studies with MoS2 nanoplatelets (>10 nm thickness) have shown that this MX2 material does not performed as well as expected in lithium-ion battery applications. We propose that the higher surface area of MX2 nanosheets (
Conversion reactions for lithium ion battery cathodes
Jason Graetz, Brookhaven National Laboratory
Phone: 631-344-3242
Email: graetz@alumni.caltech.edu

Materials that undergo a conversion reaction with lithium (e.g., metal fluorides) often accommodate more than one Li atom per transition-metal, and are promising candidates for high-capacity electrodes for lithium batteries. However, little is known about the mechanisms involved in the conversion process, the origins of the large polarization during electrochemical cycling, and why some materials are reversible (FeF2) while others are not (CuF2). A better understanding of the conversion reaction mechanism requires tracking the local phase nucleation and evolution with lithiation, which is extremely challenging due to the complexity of the reaction and presence of multiple phases within nano-scale domains. This work provides new insights into the inter- and intra-particle Li transport and kinetics of lithium conversion reactions, and may help to pave the way to develop high-energy conversion electrodes for lithium-ion batteries.

Fundamental microstructural designing concepts for high capacity and long cycle life of anode materials based on carbon and silicon for lithium ion battery
Chongmin Wang, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Phone: 509-371-6268
Email: Chongmin.wang@pnnl.gov

For lithium ion battery, a range of materials has a high theoretical capacity, while in reality, this type of materials cannot be used directly due to a fast capacity fading. It is believed that the capacity fading and short cycle life of the battery using this type of materials are directly related to the overall large volume expansion and anisotropic accommodation of the volume change. Carbon is a commonly used conductor additive in the lithium electrode materials and it has a range of tailorable structures, ranging from nanofiber, graphene, and particles. Therefore, it is a natural approach to rationally design a composite materials based on Si and carbon. Due to their nanoscale dimensions, the lithiation induced volume expansion and shape change can be accommodated, therefore, reducing the chance of the failure of the battery. In this presentation, we review some of the fundamental designing concepts and associated challenges for tailoring composite materials based on Si and carbon as anode materials with high capacity and long cycle life.

Nanostructured electrodes for lithium ion batteries
Guozhong Cao, University of Washington
Phone: 206-616-9084
Email: gzcao@u.washington.edu

Lithium-ion batteries store electrical energy in the form of chemical potential like primary batteries; however, the charge-discharge process in lithium-ion batteries is more complex as it involves not only Faradaic reactions at the interface between electrodes and electrolyte, but also is accompanied with mass and charge transport and volume change of the electrodes that commonly possess low electrical conductivity. Electrodes away from thermodynamic equilibrium include nanostructures with high surface energy, poor-crystalline materials, and materials with significant surface or bulk defects. Such materials are in higher energy state and, thus, easier for phase transfer and nucleation; such materials also have less closely packed structure, permitting faster mass transport and accommodating more lithium-ions as well as tolerating more volume change. This presentation will take vanadium pentoxide and lithium titanate as two model materials to illustrate the influences of doping, surface defects and carbon coating, and nanostructures on the lithium-ion intercalation properties.

Fused aromatic heterocycles for overcharge protection in lithium-ion batteries
Corrine N. F. Elliott, University of Kentucky
Phone: 859-257-9545
Email: Corrine.Elliott@stu.fayette.kyschools.us

Derivatives of the aromatic molecule phenothiazine have been used in batteries due to their ability to form the corresponding radical with minimal degradation, allowing them to redirect excess energy and prevent overcharge. This project aimed to find more efficient molecules for use as overcharge protectors in batteries. Specifically, oxidation potential, determined via cyclic voltammetry, was used to identify derivatives that could be used for higher end-of-charge potential cathodes, and the reversibility of the oxidation was examined. Derivatives of phenothiazine were synthesized in which alternate groups were substituted for the hydrogen molecules at junctions two and seven, as were molecules with 2,7-cyano groups but alternate base compounds. More broadly, the x-ray crystal structure was determined for each molecule to determine relative planarity in the hopes of discovering a relationship between planarity and efficiency. This experiment provides a basis for determining the accuracy of planarity as an indicator of a compound's effectiveness as an overcharge protector; results may also suggest the most efficient base molecules to serve as said additives.

Ultrathin coating of Al2O3 on negative electrode for lithium ion batteries
Minho Yang, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
Phone: 82-42-350-1152
Email: minho.yang@kaist.ac.kr

Next generation lithium ion batteries have required the high energy/power density and long cycling stability for powering transportation and grid systems. The silicon has been expected as a suitable negative electrode to apply these areas due to high theoretical energy capacity (4200 mAh/g). However, the silicon suffers from huge volume expansion, which cause loss of electrical contact among active materials and finally capacity fading. Here, we demonstrated the ultrathin coating of Al2O3 on patterned silicon wafer (p-Si) as a negative electrode for lithium ion batteries by surface sol-gel method. Al2O3 coated p-Si was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The TEM and XPS data revealed that the p-Si was conformably coated with 5 nm of Al2O3. The electrochemical behavior and cycle performance were examined by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and battery cycler.

Bicyclic-borate synthesis for use in lithium ion batteries
Ryan J Kowalski, Case Western Reserve University
Phone: 414-899-5845
Email: rjk151@case.edu

Bicyclic-borate complexes have been synthesized for use as an alternative anion for lithium ion batteries in hopes that they will provide insight into more flame retardant types of ions, or FRIons. This synthesis has been done through azeotropic distillations and solvent-free methods utilizing boronic acids. The current bicyclic compounds being produced were inspired by creating derivatives of lithium bis(oxalato) borate, also known as LiBOB.

Carbon cross-linked Si/SiC nanosphere as advanced anode of lithium-ion batteries
Junhong Chen, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Phone: 414-229-2615
Email: jhchen@uwm.edu

Silicon-based materials have been demonstrated as promising alternative anode materials with a specific capacity as high as around 4,200 mAh g-1 at a relative low discharge potential; however, the conventional Si-based anode suffers from rapid degradation in capacity due to its poor electrical conductivity and huge volume change during charging-discharging processes. We herein report a rational design and controllable route to fabricate carbon cross-linked Si/SiC nanospheres, in which the carbon not only functions as the network building block but also acts as a conducting film. The preparation was realized through thermal reduction of cross-linked SiO2@C using magnesium powders as a reducing agent. The hierarchical Si/SiC/C nanostructures exhibited a capacitance of around 860 mAh g-1 after cycling for 100 cycles with capacity retention of above 65%. The as-developed method is envisaged to pave a promising way to prepare high performance Si-based anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

Stability and reactivity of redox shuttle additives for lithium-ion batteries
Selin Ergun, University of Kentucky
Phone: 859-257-9545
Email: selin.ergun@uky.edu

Derivatives of fused heteroaromatic molecules have been studied as electrolyte additives, also called redox shuttles, for overcharge protection in lithium-ion batteries with varying degrees of success. These additives fail as they decompose in their radical cation state, reacting with other shuttle molecules, electrodes, or electrolyte. Our goal is to study new redox shuttles that can undergo extended overcharge cycles. Therefore we are studying the stability of the radical cations formed in situ through spectroscopic techniques and performing DFT calculations simultaneously in order to observe a trend between experimental and computational results. The lack of extended cycles is not only due to stability of radical cations, but can also originate from possible reactions that can occur in battery conditionsintramolecular or intermolecular. Here we report results on radical cation stability and reactivity for possible redox shuttles in order to understand the possible mechanisms for the shuttle reaction in batteries.

DFT design and study of lithium-ion battery electrolytes and anode
Jyh-Chiang Jiang, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
Phone: 288627376653
Email: jcjiang@mail.ntust.edu.tw

The modification of edges in both graphene and graphite can significantly alter the electronic properties as well as the lithium diffusion mechanism. Our finding illustrate the importance of controlling the edges of these carbonaceous materials with atomic precision in order to take full advantage of their potential for high density applications in lithium ion batteries.

With regard to the electrolyte, the thermodynamic and kinetic data for the oxidative decomposition of PC show that the major oxidative decomposition products are independent of the type of lithium salt. Furthermore, the most possible components of the film formed on the cathode surface are polycarbonate, acetone, diketone, 2-(ethan-1-ylium-1-yl)-4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-ylium and CO2. Similarly the major products which are responsible for the formation of protective SEI film when ES is used as an additive are Li2SO3, (CH2OSO2Li)2, CH3CH(OSO2Li)CH2OCO2Li and ROSO2Li. While, the products from the termination reactions of the primary radical of PS would build up an effective solid electrolyte interphase.

Investigating the voltage fading mechanism in Li1.2Co0.1Mn0.55Ni0.15O2 lithium-ion battery cathode by in situ x-ray diffraction studies
Debasish Mohanty, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Phone: 865-576-0813
Email: mohantyd@ornl.gov

In this study, in situ x-ray diffraction (XRD) technique was implemented to investigate the voltage fading pathways in lithium-rich Li1.2Co0.1Mn0.55Ni0.15O2 cathode in a lithium-ion battery. A custom designed coin-cell with Kapton film window of ~ 13mm in diameter opening was fabricated for in situ XRD experiment. The in situ XRD was collected during electrochemical charge/discharge process performed in 2.4-4.8 V voltage window at 10 mA/g rate in fist cycle and after subsequent cycles (16 and 36). The collected in situ XRD patterns were simulated and lattice parameters were calculated to correlate with the electrochemical profile. The results show increase in c-lattice parameter during initial charging up to 4.4 V and subsequently decreases beyond 4.4 V. The a-lattice parameter remains constant at the first cycle plateau region. After 16(36) cycles, (440) cubic spinel reflections were observed which indicate a layer to spinel-like phase transformation and believed to suppress the voltage profile.

Nanodiamond-derived carbon nano-onions as negative electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries
Mahendra K Sreeramoju, University of Kentucky
Phone: 859-257-5393
Email: mksree2@uky.edu

Nanodiamond-derived carbon nano-onions (N-CNOs) were prepared by annealing of nanodiamonds at 1650 C under flow of helium. The morphology and structure of N-CNOs were investigated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and BET nitrogen adsorption. Due to their smaller size and number of surface defects, they exhibit higher surface area (520 m2/g) and mesoporosity. Due to their smaller size, high surface area and number of surface defects, these N-CNOs exhibit high capacity and stable cycling performance as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries at slower (C/10) and higher (C) charge-discharge rates compared with that of mesocarbon microbead (MCMB) graphite particles.

High energy density silicon anodes for lithium-ion batteries: Combining hollow nanospheres with conductive polymer binder
Yan Yao, University of Houston
Phone: 713-743-4432
Email: yyao4@uh.edu

The alloying reaction of Si with lithium causes significant volume expansion during lithiation process and lead to the fracture of Si particles because of huge lithiation-induced mechanical stress. Various approaches with different focus, such as nanoengieering Si anode structures, stabilizing solid-electrolyte interphases between Si and organic electrolyte, and synthesizing new polymer binders to accommodate the volume change, have been shown successfully improving the energy density and cycle life, bringing Si anodes one step closer into practical Li-ion batteries. In this preprint, we show that both the active hollow nanospheres Si anode structure and the inactive conductive polymer binder have significant impact on the anode cycling performance. Combining the hollow nanospheres with conductive polymer binder, long cycle life Si anode is demonstrated at high energy density.

Porous structured silicon for lithium-ion battery anode
Chongwu Zhou, University of Southern California
Phone: 213-740-4708
Email: chongwuz@usc.edu

Silicon is a promising anode material for lithium ion battery, because of its highest theoretical capacity (4200 mAh/g). However, intrinsic drawbacks of silicon, e.g. pulverization due to repeating volume change in cycling, and low lithium ion diffusivity in silicon, set hindrances for silicon to be used in high power-density battery. Here we find porous structured silicon a promising anode material for lithium ion battery. Theoretical study shows the pores can help to stabilize the structure by means of providing additional spaces to accommodate large volume change during cycling, and therefore release the stress and strain inside silicon. In addition, the large surface area that accessible to electrolyte helps to shorten the diffusion length for lithium ions, which enables fast charge/discharge. Experimentally, we have employed porous silicon nanowires as a prototype to show the advantages of using porous structured silicon as lithium-ion battery anode. By combining with alginate binder, the porous silicon nanowire shows capacity larger than 1000 mAh/g after 2000 cycles at current rate of 4 A/g. Beyond that, we have developed a scalable and cost-efficient method to produce nano and micron porous silicon particles, which shows decent battery performance.

New directions in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries: Lessons from in situ electron microscopy
Reza Shahbazian-Yassar, Michigan Technological University
Phone: 906-487-3581
Email: reza@mtu.edu

Nanostructured anode materials have received considerable attention in energy storage devices due to the enhanced electrochemical reactions at the surface and their unique electrical and mechanical properties. Silicon and titanate nanostructures are promising anode materials because of their energy capacity and safer performance for Li-ion batteries. One of the hurdles in developing better and long lasting batteries is the lack of scientific knowledge on the electrochemical reactions that happen inside a battery under charging and discharging conditions. Using real-time microscopy at atomic resolutions should shed light into some of the fundamental questions in this field. This presentation focuses on the in-situ observation of lithiation and delithiation in Si nanorods and TiO2 nanotubes. The electrochemical testing of these low dimensional structures were conducted inside a transmission electron microscope equipped with a novel in-situ electrical probing holder. The intercalation of Li-ions in Si nanorods was monitored during charging and the fracture of nanorods was quantified in terms of size. In addition, the intercalation of crystalline anatase and amorphous TiO2 was studied and their fracture events were monitored in real time.

Quino(triazene)s: A new class of organic cathode materials for the lithium ion battery
Charles Daniel Varnado, The University of Texas at Austin
Phone: 512-471-1419
Email: cdvarnado@cm.utexas.edu

There has been much interest in the development of organic cathode materials for lithium ion batteries as a green alternative to the expensive lithium cobalt oxide. Previously, our group has reported a novel class of compounds derived from the reaction of quino(imidazolylidene)s and a variety of azidoarenes. In this presentation, we report the synthesis and characterization of a series of quino(triazene)s as cathodes for lithium ion batteries. Furthermore, we describe their solid state structure, electrochemistry, electrochromic properties, and battery performance.

First principles atomistic modeling of surface and interfacial effects in lithium ion battery materials
Maria K Y Chan, Argonne National Laboratory
Phone: 630-252-4811
Email: mchan@anl.gov

Surfaces and interfaces play an important role in the performance of lithium ion batteries, including such effects as surface orientation-dependent lithiation, surface chemistry-dependent lithiation capacity, and the formation of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI). Computational modeling, especially first principles atomistic approaches, provides significant insight into these surface and interfacial effects. A significant challenge in such modeling is the construction of atomistic models to accurate describe the complexity of the surfaces and interfaces.
In this talk, I will discuss using a variety of first principles approaches to tackle the challenge of building accurate atomistic models of surfaces and interfaces in lithium ion battery materials. I will describe how such approaches are used to study: orientation-dependence, and the lack thereof, of lithiation in silicon and germanium; the effects of surface chemistry on the lithiation of silicon; the deposition of lithium on gold; and the formation of SEI on silicon.

Enhanced lithium ion battery energy density with carbon nanotube current collectors
Matthew J Ganter, Rochester Institute of Technology
Phone: 315-778-1465
Email: mjg9074@rit.edu

Traditional battery electrodes consist of composites coated onto high density, inactive metal current collectors which can limit battery energy density. Conventional methods of increasing energy density include the use of higher capacity materials. However, when electrodes are paired in a full battery, only a small increase in energy density is realized due to the capacity limited cathode compared to novel anode materials. A more significant increase in energy density can be realized by reducing or eliminating the mass of the current collector. This work investigates the replacement of metal current collectors with carbon nanotube (CNT) papers using traditional composites to reduce electrode mass and increase energy density. The results show that CNTs can replace metal current collectors on both the anode and cathode and achieve expected specific capacities. The electrode specific capacity, including current collector mass, increased up to 28% for the cathode and 188% for the anode using CNTs.

Surface-disordered hydrogenated TiO2 nanocrystals for lithium ion battery
Xiaobo Chen, University of Missouri
Phone: 816-235-6420
Email: chenxiaobo@umkc.edu

TiO2, mainly known for photocatalysis, has also been studied as a safer anode material for lithium ion batteries compared to graphite, while with the limited lithium ion diffusion within the host and the structural distortion during lithium insertion/extraction. Here, we demonstrate that a thin layer of hydrogenated surface disorder on the crystalline TiO2 electrode may induce better electrochemical energy storage performance, better charge/discharge rate performance, larger capacity and longer stability. The reasons for these improvements are proposed in terms of the facilitation of easier lithium ion transport within the disordered layer and the less structural distortion during the lithium insertion/extraction process.

Next generation polymer nanocomposite electrolytes for lithium ion batteries
Haleh Ardebili, University of Houston
Phone: 713-743-4500
Email: hardebili@uh.edu

Polymer electrolytes offer many advantages compared to liquid electrolytes used in lithium ion batteries, including safety, stability and thin film manufacturability. Nanoscale fillers can enhance Li ion conductivity as well as the mechanical properties of polymer electrolytes. In this study, we investigate the role of nanofillers in enhancing ion conductivity including experimental results as well as insights from our continuum-level model and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Novel nanoscale fillers including hybrid clay-carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for next generation polymer electrolytes will also be discussed. We show that CNTs grown and insulated within clay layers can work as effective hybrid 3D nanofillers and improve Li ion conductivity of PEO electrolyte by almost two orders of magnitude with significant enhancement in tensile strength. Ion conductivity enhancement can be attributed to the high surface density of the hybrid fillers and the strong interactions between the CNT's negative electron cloud and positive lithium ions.

Increasing redox shuttle oxidation potentials to match high voltage cathodes in lithium-ion batteries
Susan Odom, University of Kentucky
Phone: 859-257-3294
Email: susan.odom@uky.edu

Electrolyte additives called redox shuttles can protect batteries in series from experiencing overcharge, a condition in which one or more fully charged cells continue to receive applied current. Derivatives based on 1,4-dimethoxybenzene, N-alkylphenothiazine, and TEMPO cores have been reported as superior additives for overcharge protection. Eventually these electrolyte additives fail, presumably due to decomposition of their radical cation forms. Increased electron deficiency makes radical cations more susceptible to nucleophilic attack, which may result in reactions with electrolyte components. Few examples of stable redox shuttles for high voltage cathodes have been reported, presumably due to their high reactivity. Our work focuses on improving the stability of redox shuttles for high voltage cathodes. We have synthesized a variety of carbazole, diphenylamine, phenothiazine, and phenoxazine derivatives containing electron-withdrawing groups. This study focuses on the electrochemical analysis of the new derivatives and the stability of their radical cation forms.

Multiscale multiphysics lithium-ion battery model with multidomain modular framework
Gi-Heon Kim, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Phone: 303-275-4437
Email: gi-heon.kim@nrel.gov

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) powering recent wave of personal ubiquitous electronics are also believed to be a key enabler of electrification of vehicle powertrain on the path toward sustainable transportation future. Over the past several years, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has developed the Multi-Scale Multi-Domain (MSMD) model framework, which is an expandable platform and a generic modularized flexible framework resolving interactions among multiple physics occurring in varied length and time scales in LIB[1]. NREL has continued to enhance the functionality of the framework and to develop constituent models in the context of the MSMD framework responding to U.S. Department of Energy's CAEBAT program objectives. This talk will introduce recent advancements in NREL's LIB modeling research in regards of scale-bridging, multi-physics integration, and numerical scheme developments.

Solvothermal synthesis, growth mechanism, and performance of LiFePO4 nanorods used as a cathode material in lithium ion batteries
David Kisailus, University of California-Riverside
Phone: 951-827-2260
Email: david@engr.ucr.edu

We report the use of water-triethylene glycol (TEG) as a solvent to synthesize LiFePO4 (LFP) nanorods with uniform size. TEG, a reducing agent in the reaction, promotes the formation of LiFePO4. Crystal phase and growth behavior were monitored by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), synchrotron X-ray Diffraction, as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while particles morphologies were investigated with scanning electron microscope (SEM). Three crystal growth mechanisms during the synthesis were interpreted based on the time study of the samples. Initially, the nucleation of LFP (20nm thick sheets) occurred accompanying with the formation of Fe3(PO4)28H2O (vivianite). This metastable phase evolved into spindle-like olivine LiFePO4 through oriented attachment (OA) of LFP primary nanosheets. With the increasing reaction time, the pH decreased with the concurrent formation of LiFePO4. The dissolution-recrystallization process, i.e. Ostwald ripening (OR), results in evenly distributed

LiFePO4 nanorods due to the increased solubility of LiFePO4. The mechanism (from nanosheet to spindle to rod) revealed by this study will help develop guidelines to control the size and morphological features of LFP more precisely.

Safe collection and high value recycling of li-ion batteries
Georgios Chryssos, Stiftung GRS Batterien
Phone: 0049 40 23778930
Email: chryssos@grs-batterien.de

German collection scheme
Legal obligations for producers and distributors of batteries in Germany
Collection and recycling of batteries in Germany
Risks and safety issues
Potential risks in end-of-live chain
First nationwide take-back system for industrial Li batteries in Europe
Logistic solutions: collection, packaging, transport of Li batteries
Recycling strategy for Li batteries
Market volumes
Li batteries: applications and end-of-life volumes
Material contents
Content of valuable materials in Li batteries
Recycling technologies
Thermo metallurgical technologies
Hydro metallurgical technologies
Mechanical chemical technologies
Mechanical technologies
Recycling products and markets
Economical valuation
Conclusions for European recycling strategy

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Lithium-ion battery technology topic of dozens of new scientific reports this week Public release date: 7-Apr-2013
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Contact: Michael Bernstein
m_bernstein@acs.org
504-670-4707 (New Orleans Press Center, April 5-10)
202-872-6042

Michael Woods
m_woods@acs.org
504-670-4707 (New Orleans Press Center, April 5-10)
202-872-6293
American Chemical Society

NEW ORLEANS, April 7, 2013 With lithium-ion batteries in the news for grounding the Boeing 787 Dreamliner fleet and as a fixture in many consumer electronics products li-ion technology is the topic of dozens of potentially newsworthy scientific reports that begin here today. The presentations are part of the 245th National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society, the world's largest scientific society.
Abstracts of some key reports scheduled for the meeting appear below.
###

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Abstracts
High efficiency low temperature recycling technology for lithium ion batteries
Yan Wang, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Phone: 508-831-5453
Email: yanwang@wpi.edu

Lithium ion (Li ion) batteries are extensively used because of their high energy density, good cycle life, high capacity, etc. The rechargeable Li ion battery market was ~ $4.6 billion in 2006 and is expected to grow to more than $6.3 billion by 2012. Also lithium ion batteries are gradually being used for large applications, such as hybrid or electrical vehicles and grid systems. At present, Li ion batteries such as the ones used in cell phones and laptops are not widely recycled. We believe that such an open loop industrial cycle is not sustainable; it is our strong conviction that we must develop and establish viable Li ion battery recycling methodologies. In this project, we recycle Li ion batteries through low temperature chemical methods and active materials can be synthesized during recycling process; this will reduce energy usage, environmental damage, lead to economically viable processes, and strengthen our national security position.

Potential induced structural changes and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) decomposition in Sn anodes for Li ion batteries
Hadi Tavassol, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign
Phone: 217-333-8720
Email: tavasso2@illinois.edu

We report measurements of electrochemical surface stress of thin film Sn electrodes for Li-ion battery anodes at potentials
In contrast, Sn surfaces exhibit significant changes in compressive and tensile surface stress even before Li insertion. Since these features occur in potential regions where there is no major interaction between Li and Sn, these features originate in changes in the Sn material itself. During the cathodic scan, an intense compressive feature at ca. 0.7 V vs. Li/Li+ is observed. A major tensile release at ca. 0.6 V vs. Li/Li+ follows this compressive feature. These features have a structural origin in a phase change in the Sn anode. This phase change impacts the ability of Sn and its alloys to serve as an anode material for a Li ion battery.

We also report the results of matrix assisted laser desorption (MALDI) time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of Sn electrodes. In a mixture of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate, long chain oligomers are observed following the first cycle. These oligomers decompose in the subsequent cycles showing that Sn surfaces form an unstable SEI. This decomposition produces oligomerized species, which are different from those formed at the end of the first cycle. We discuss potential and solvent dependent oligomerization mechanisms and their effect on the mechanical properties of Sn electrodes.

Chemically induced stresses in Li ion battery electrodes
Brian W. Sheldon, Brown University
Phone: 401-863-2866
Email: Brian_Sheldon@brown.edu

Lithiation induced volume changes in battery electrode materials lead to a variety of chemo-mechanical phenomena. It is difficult to investigate these mechanisms directly in complex electrode microstructures that consist of powdered active components, conductive filler, and binders. Thin films provide an opportunity to more directly investigate fundamental processes, by combining in situ stress data with conventional in situ electrochemical measurements. Three examples that demonstrate this approach will be highlighted: (1) the formation of the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on graphitic carbon films, where disruption of the near surface leads to stresses that impact the SEI stability; (2) the stress-induced response of interfaces in model Si-based nanocomposite structures, (3) the role of stress and oxygen non-stoichiometry on phase transformations in vanadium oxide films.

New low-temperature, non-flammable polyelectrolyte systems for lithium ion batteries
Joseph M DeSimone, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Phone: 919-962-5468
Email: desimone@unc.edu

Renewable lithium-ion batteries are promising sustainable alternatives to non-renewable energy resources like petroleum. However, safety concerns, electrochemical stability, and narrow temperature range of operation remain persisting challenges that impede their prominence. In order to circumvent these shortcomings, we will describe herein a new class of lithium ion electrolytes composed of perfluoropolyethers (PFPE) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) mixtures. These polymeric blends are amphiphilic, transparent, homogeneous and demonstrate the ability to solvate different lithium salts. The flammability, degree of crystallinity, ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability of these carbonate-free systems will be discussed.

Vanadium oxide mesocrystals: Synthesis, formation mechanism, and application in lithium-ion battery
Evan Uchaker, University of Washington
Phone: 206-543-2600
Email: uchaker@uw.edu

An additive and template free process was developed for the synthesis of mesocrystalline VO2(B) nanostars via the solvothermal reaction of oxalic acid and V2O5. Microscopy results demonstrate that the six-armed star architectures are composed of stacked nanosheets that are homoepitaxially oriented along the [100] crystallographic register with respect to one another. The mesocrystal formation mechanism is proposed to proceed through classical as well as non-classical crystallization processes and was possibly facilitated or promoted by the presence of a reducing/chelating agent. The product was tested as cathode for lithium-ion batteries and show good capacity at discharge rates ranging from 150-1500 mA g-1 and a cyclic stability of 195 mA h g-1 over fifty cycles. The exposed (100) facets lead to fast lithium intercalation, and the homoepitaxial stacking of nanosheets offers a strong inner-sheet binding force that leads to better accommodation of the strain induced during cycling.

High-performance lithium-ion battery anode based on core-shell heterostructure of silicon-coated vertically aligned carbon nanofibers
Jun Li, Kansas State University
Phone: 785-532-0955
Email: junli@ksu.edu

A high-performance hybrid lithium-ion anode material was developed using coaxially coated Si shells on vertically aligned carbon nanofiber (VACNF) cores. The bush-like VACNFs serve as conductive cores to effectively interface with Si shells for Li+ storage. The open core-shell nanowire structure allows the Si shells to freely expand/contract in the radial direction during Li+ insertion/extraction. A high specific capacity of 3000-3650 mAh(gSi)-1, comparable to the maximum value of amorphous Si, has been achieved. About 89% of capacity is retained after 100 charge-discharge cycles at C/1 rate. After long cycling, the electrode material becomes even more stable, showing the invariant Li+ storage capacity as the charge-discharge rate is increased by 20 times from C/10 to C/0.5 (or 2C). The ability to obtain high capacity at significantly improved power rates while maintaining the extraordinary cycle stability demonstrates that this novel structure could be a promising anode material for high-performance Li-ion batteries.

Used Li-ion batteries recycling: Lithium recovery for a new utilization
Richard Laucournet, CEA Grenoble
Phone: 33 438 781 178
Email: richard.laucournet@cea.fr

The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission has been starting a key program on the development of Li-ion technologies for applications such as green transportation and stationary energy storage. Among them, the technologies based on LFP and LTO active materials are now transferring at industrial scale. In parallel, the recycling has to be considered for production scrap and batteries end of life.

In this domain, two main issues arise:
The European regulation fixes at 50% the minimal recycling rate,
The economical balance of current recycling processes is threatened by materials without Co, Ni or Mn.
A study has been initiated on the recycling of such materials by hydrometallurgy in order to maximize the value of main elements by reintroducing them in the new active materials synthesis. Lithium and Iron were recovered, separated and turned into phosphates or carbonates with high purity and hig
Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-04/acs-lbt032113.php
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folsom addend

Wednesday, April 10, 2013

Kim Kardashian Weight Gain Scheme: Revealed!!!

Official Samsung Galaxy S4 UK TV spot is heavy on drama, close-ups

Samsung's marketing machine kicks up a gear with new TV ad

The Afters - Every Good Thing (Lyric Video) - Christian Music ...

Tuesday, April 9, 2013

Fox threatens to become a pay-TV channel if courts greenlight Aereo, probably doesn't mean it

'Chemistry of the Bar' symposium focuses on New Orleans' Hurricane Cocktail and more

Mark Kelly Says 'Failure Is Not An Option' on Universal Background Checks

Recalled food may have been served in schools

AP source: FBI eyes possible extortion at Rutgers

Monday, April 8, 2013

Rapid climate change and the role of the Southern Ocean

Sunday, April 7, 2013

Google offers $1 Billion to buy '' WhatsApp'' | Morocco World News

Lithium-ion battery technology topic of dozens of new scientific reports this week